IC-NRLF 


THE   HAUDLI1TQ  OF   SHEEP   OXJ   THE 
NATIONAL  FORESTS 

U.S.D. A. Circular 


HANDLING  OF  SHEEP 
ON  THE  NATIONAL 
FORESTS 


LA  MANIPULACION  DE  LAS 

&VEJAS  EN  LOS  BOSQUES 

NACIONALES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1920 


THE  HANDLING  OF  SHEEP 

ON  THE  NATIONAL 

FORESTS 


LA  MANIPULACION  DE  LAS 

OVEJAS  EN  LOS  BOSQUES 

NACIONALES 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1920 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  information  contained  in  this 
book  has  been  prepared  by  officers  of 
the  United  States  Forest  Service  at  the 
request  of  the  sheep  owners  who  graze 
their  sheep  within  the  NationalForests. 
It  is  important,  both  to  the  man  who 
hires  you  and  to  yourself  that  you  read 
this  book  carefully,  keep  it  with  you 
for  reference  from  day  to  day,  and  do 
your  very  best  to  handle  the  sheep  in 
your  charge  according  to  the  instruc- 
tions given  herein. 

(2) 


THE  NATIONAL  FORESTS. 


The  National  Forests  are  the  prop- 
erty of  the  United  States  Government. 
They  were  created  for  two  purposes. 
One  is  the  production  of  timber;  the 
other,  the  regulation  of  streamflow  by 
maintaining  a  normal  growth  of  trees, 
shrubs,  grasses,  and  weeds.  The  graz- 
ing of  live  stock  is  regulated  on  the 
National  Forests  for  the  primary  pur- 
pose of  protecting  the  forests  and 
watersheds,  secondarily,  because  the 
Government  recognized  the  grass  as  a 
valuable  resource  which  should  be  pro- 
tected and  made  to  produce  the  maxi- 
mum amount  of  animal  food  for  the 
benefit  of  the  stockmen,  as  well  as  all 
of  the  people. 

Forest  and  watershed  protection 
must  be  accomplished  by  regulated 
grazing.  This  means  that  the  total 
number  of  stock  upon  the  National 
Forests  must  not  be  greater  than  the 
rang'e  will  properly  support  and  that 
the  grazing  seasons  must  conform  to 
the  cycle  of  plant  growth.  The  latter 
is  necessary  because  the  removal  of  the 
forage  too  early  will  result  in  weaken- 
ing the  parent  plant  and  prevent  the 
production  of  fertile  seed,  thus  making 
it  possible  for  the  plants  which  are  not 
good  feed  to  take  the  place  of  those 
which  are  removed  by  live  stock  before 
they  have  a  chance  to  grow  and  ma- 
ture seed. 


•"The 'number 'of  stock  wnicli  a  forest 
range  permanently  will  support  will 
depend  almost  altogether  upon  the 
methods  of  handling  the  stock  on  the 
range.  If  sheep  are  properly  handled 
they  will  make  better  gains  and  do  less 
damage  to  the  range  than  if  they  are 
improperly  handled. 

For  five  years  the  Forest  Service 
carried  on  experiments  on  one  of  the 
National  Forests,  to  determine  the  dif- 
ference in  the  growth  and  weight  of 
lambs  and  in  the  amount  of  range  re- 
quired for  sheep  grazed  in  a  pasture, 
as  compared  with  sheep  herded  on  for- 
est range  of  exactly  the  same  kind.  It 
was  found  that  the  sheep  in  the  pas- 
ture required  from  25  to  40  per  cent 
less  range,  depending  upon  the  sea- 
sonal growth  of  forage,  than  was 
needed  for  the  sheep  which  were 
herded  on  the  open  range  outside  the 
pasture.  It  was  also  found  that  the 
lambs  in  the  pasture  weighed  on  an 
average  of  8  pounds  more  than  the 
lambs  in  the  band  which  was  herded 
on  the  open  range.  The  sheep  in  both 
bands  were  of  exactly  the  same  age 
and  same  grade.  Further  experiments 
proved  that  if  sheep  are  allowed  to 
graze  openly,  instead  of  being  bunched 
up  and  herded  close  together;  if  they 
are  bedded  where  night  overtakes 
them,  instead  of  being  driven  back  to 
the  same  bed  ground  night  after  night ; 
it*  they  are  allowed  to  go  to  water  two 
or  three  times  each  week,  instead  of 
being  driven  to  water  every  day 
whether  they  are  thirsty  or  not;  if 
dogs  are  not  allowed  to  disturb  the 
sheep  while  they  are  feeding  or  find- 
ing a  suitable  bedding  place;  in  other 


words,  if  the  sheep  are  permitted  to 
graze  with  the  greatest  possible  free- 
dom that  can  be  allowed  without  dan- 
ger of  loss  from  straying  and  wild 
animals,  almost  the  same  results  can 
be  secured  as  if  they  were  in  a  pas- 
ture. Losses  from  coyotes,  as  a  rule, 
will  also  be  much  less  than  when 
sheep  are  returned  to  the  same  bed 
ground  for  several  nights  in  succes- 
sion. 

The  Forest  Service  wishes  to  make 
the  National  Forest  ranges  produce 
year  after  year  the  greatest  possible 
amount  of  mutton,  beef,  wool,  and 
hides.  If  the  annual  production  is  to 
be  kept  up  the  stock  must  be  so  han- 
dled as  not  to  injure  forage  plant 
growth,  except  to  feed  off  the  annual 
crop.  When  stock  are  not  handled 
carefully  they  damage  the  range.  If 
they  are  shaded  day  after  day  in  the 
same  place  on  the  creek  bottoms 
they  soon  kill  out  all  plant  growth 
and  nothing  but  dust  or  gravel  beds 
remain.  The  Forest  Service  can  not 
allow  such  injury  to  the  range  and 
in  such  cases  must  prohibit  further 
grazing  on  such  areas  until  the  plant 
growth  is  restored.  In  closing  such 
areas  to  grazing,  the  allotment  is  of 
course  reduced  in  size  and  the  number 
allowed  on  the  forest  for  the  sheepman 
on  whose  range  the  damage  is  done 
must  be  cut  down.  This  works  to  the 
disadvantage  of  both  the  owner  and 
the  herder.  The  fewer  sheep  the  owner 
has  on  the  forest,  the  less  money  he 
makes.  The  fewer  bands  the  owner 
can  put  on  the  forest  range  the  fewer 
jobs  for  herders. 


Ordinarily  the  best  herder  brings  in 
the  best  lambs ;  the  fattest  lambs  come 
from  the  bands  which  are  handled  best. 
The  less  sheep  are  driven  and  run 
about  the  fatter  they  will  get.  Every 
time  a  herder  puts  the  dog  on  the  sheep 
he  is  running  off  just  so  much  mutton. 
In  Idaho,  in  Utah,  in  Wyoming  sheep 
are  not  dogged  to  water.  Water  is 
just  as  plentiful  here,  and  when  the 
sheep  get  thirsty  they  will  go  to  water 
themselves.  When  a  herder  dogs  his 
sheep  to  water  he  runs  just  so  much 
mutton  off  and  the  sheep  tramp  out  a 
large  amount  of  feed. 

The  ideas  which  have  been  found  to 
result  in  fatter  lambs  and  better  range 
elsewhere  in  the  West  are  given  here- 
with. 

Do  not  drive  your  sheep,  especially 
with  dogs,  any  more  than  you  abso- 
lutely have,  to.  Start  them  out  in  the 
morning  slowly  and  then  let  them  feed 
undisturbed.  Keep  your  eye  on  the 
leaders  and  if  they  trail  too  fast  check 
them.  Plan  on  feeding  toward  shade, 
away  from  the  creeks,  for  the  warm 
part  of  the  day  during  hot  weather.  If 
they  shade  up  leave  them  alone.  Do 
not  force  them  down  to  water.  Thou- 
sands of  sheep  in  the  West  on  ranges 
much  drier  than  those  on  the  National 
Forests  are  not  watered  oftener  than 
every  three  or  four  days.  In  some 
parts  of  the  West  sheep  are  not 
watered  for  weeks  at  a  time. 

Don't  use  the  dog  on  the  sheep  un- 
less you  have  to.  Even  a  pig  would 
not  get  fat  if  he  was  constantly 
chased  by  dogs.  Keep  your  dog  for  a 
companion  and  to  give  warning  of  the 
presence  of  predatory  animals. 


Look  over  your  range  ahead  of'  t*Ke 
sheep  and  plan  how  you  are  going  to 
use  it.  Figure  out  about  what  day  you 
will  want  your  sheep  to  be  on  water 
and  allow  them  to  graze  toward  it  so 
that  they  will  arrive  at  the  time  you 
wish  them  to  get'  there.  Take  your 
new  piece  of  range  on  the;  way  out 
from  water ;  not  on  the  way  in.  Sheep 
should  not  be  allowed  to  come  to  water 
over  a  new  piece  of  range.  They  tramp 
out  too  much  feed. 

If  you  allow  the  sheep  to  feed  quietly 
and  do  riot  dog  them  they  will  not  need 
water  as  often  as  if  they  are  constantly 
driven  about  and  the  less  they  travel 
the  more  fat  they  will  put  on.  On  the 
average  they  lose  more  fat  in  being 
driven  to  water  than  the  water  puts 
on.  If  left  to  themselves  sheep  do  very 
little  damage  to  the  range  by  tramp- 
ling. If  you  let  your  sheep  tramp  out 
the  range  your  allotment  will  have  to 
be  cut  down  and  the  driving  will  keep 
your  lambs  thin. 

Move  your  bed  up  to  the  place  you 
figure  your  sheep  will  reach  in  the  eve- 
ning. As  evening  comes  on  circle  your 
band  quietly,  turning  the  stragglers 
into  the  bed  ground.  Do  not  drive  your 
sheep  to  a  bed  ground.  Bed  them 
where  night  overtakes  them.  Bedding 
in  one  place,  too  often  damages  the 
range  and  this  will  mean  that  the  for- 
est ranger  will  have  to  close  this  piece 
of  range  and  cut  down  your  number  of 
sheep. 

Ordinarily  an  hour  on  the  creek  is 
plenty  for  all  sheep  to  water.  Do  not 
stay  longer.  Your  sheep  will  tramp 


out  the  feed  and  you  will  lose  your 
range. 

The  ranger  wants  to  be  your  friend. 
It  is  his  job  to  see  that  you  handle 
your  sheep  so  they  do  not  damage  the 
range.  He  will  help  you  with  advice 
and  suggestions  if  you  wish  him  to.  If 
you  herd  your  sheep  properly  he  will 
have  the  supervisor  give  you  a  card  of 
thanks  and  recommendation  stating 
that  you  are  a  good  herder.  If  you  do 
qot  handle  your  sheep  properly  he  will 
have  to  report  to  the  supervisor  that 
you  are  a  poor  herder.  If  you  are 
given  a  card  of  recommendation — keep 
it.  Whenever  you  want  a  job  herding 
sheep  show  the  card.  Your  Govern- 
ment card  will  show  everyone  that  you 
are  a  good  herder  and  will  help  you  get 
a  job  anywhere. 

Following  are  the  main  points  to  be 
kept  in  mind: 

1.  Use   your   dog   just   as   little   as 
possible. 

2.  The  less  you  drive  your  sheep  the 
fatter  the  lambs. 

3.  When  you  must  take  your  sheep 
to  water,  allow  them  to  graze  in  and 
do  not  use  the  same  trail  all  the  time. 

4.  Feed  to  water  over  range  already 
used.     Save  your  new  range  for  feed- 
ing out  from  water. 

5.  The  use  of  one  bed.  ground  more 
than  three  times  will  mean  a  10  per 
cent  cut  in  your  number  of  sheep. 

6.  Do  not  shade  on  the  creeks.    An 
hour  on  the  creek  is  enough  for  water- 
ing the  sheep. 

7.  Keep   your   best   range  with   the 
nearest  water  for  the  hottest  part  of 
the  summer. 


8.  Help  prevent  *f  6rest  fires'.  >  '>  ' 

9.  Keep  the  streams  pure — the  moun- 
tains clean. 

10.  If  you  do  not  understand,  ask  the 
ranger. 

GREAT  FIRES  FROM  LITTLE 
CAMP  FIRES  GROW. 

Remember. — The  period  which  you 
spend  on  the  National  Forest  ranges 
with  your  stock  is  the  dry  season, 
when  there  is  extreme  danger  to  the 
timber,  forage,  and  watershed  values 
from  destruction  by  fire.  Help  to  pro- 
tect and  save  these  values  by  being 
careful  with  your  camp  fires. 

You  do  not  want  the  stock  under 
your  care  to  come  out  in  poor  condi- 
tion at  the  end  of  the  season  because 
the  best  part  of  the  feed  upon  your 
range  has  been  burned  off,  nor  do  you 
want  to  have  a  lot  of  hard  work  hold- 
ing the  stock  on  the  short '  range  you 
will  have  left  if  a  fire  gets  away  from 
you. 

You  do  not  want  to  give  the  im- 
pression that  the  grazing  of  live  stock 
on  the  National  Forests  works  injury 
to  the  forest  lands,  or  that  stockmen 
and  their  employees  have  no  regard 
for  the  public  interest.  You  do  not 
want  to  subject  yourself  to  the  trouble, 
expense,  and  humiliation  of  arrest  be- 
cause of  carelessness  in  leaving  a  fire 
burn  unattended. 

Avoid  all  these  difficulties  by  observ- 
ing the  following  simple  rules :  Do  not 
leave  your  camp  fires  burning  when 
you  are  absent.  Build  them  in  safe 
places  in  the  open.  Thoroughly  ex- 
19663—20 2 


Ungulsh  *  them   with   water   and 


eartfft  when  you  leave. 

Many  costly  fires  have  been  started 
by  a  lighted  match,  cigarette  stub,  or 
pipe  duffel  carelessly  dropped  in  dry 
material  to  smoulder  along  until  the 
winds  fanned  it  into  flames.  Be 
careful. 

You  can  furnish  a  fine  example  of 
good  citizenship  and  public  spirit  by 
putting  out  any  small  fires  you  may 
discover,  and  reporting  any  smoke  you 
see  to  the  nearest  forest  officer. 

BEWARE  DISEASE. 

The  carcasses  of  animals  that  die 
close  to  streams  must  be  removed  at 
once  and  buried  or  burned.  The  For- 
est Service  has  made  this  rule  to  keep 
our  streams  pure  and  protect  persons 
drinking  water  from  the  streams  from 
getting  disease  by  drinking  impure 
water.  The  carcasses  of  animals  that 
die  from  contagious  disease  must  be 
burned.  If  an  animal  dies  from  an 
infectious  disease,  such  as  blackleg, 
anthrax,  glanders,  etc.,  the  germs  re- 
main in  the  dead  body,  and  other 
healthy  stock  may  catch  the  di sense  if 
they  are  near  it.  Some  of  your  own 
herd  may  die  by  catching  disease  in 
this  way.  The  best  way  to  burn  a 
carcass  is  to  dig  a  hole  about  2  feet 
deep  and  big  enough  to  hold  it,  then 
'make  several  small  ditches  sloping  into 
the  hole.  This  will  make  a  draft  and 
your  fire  will  burn  much  better.  Next 
pile  wood  in  the  hole,  roll  the  carcass 
onto  the  pile  and  burn  it.  The  dirt 
which  was  taken  from  the  hole  can  be 


thrown  back  to  cover  up  what  is  left 
of  the  carcass. 

SALTING. 

Place  your  salt  where  the  forest 
ranger  tells  you  to.  He  wants  you  to 
put  it  where  it  will  do  your  stock  the 
most  good  and  keep  the  range  in  the 
best  condition.  Do  not  salt  along 
streams  or  at  the  watering  places,  or 
any  place  where  the  stock  naturally 
congregate.  Place  the  salt  where  stock 
will  have  to  travel  from  water  and  the 
best  feed  to  get  it.  They  will  thus 
avoid  trampling  out  of  the  choice  range 
and  pick  up  lots  of  good  feed  that 
would  otherwise  go  to  waste. 


La  Manipulation  de  las  Ovejas  en 
los  Bosques  Nacionales. 

LA  INTRODUCTION. 

Los  oficiales  del  Servicio  de  los 
Bosques  de  los  Estados  Unidos  han 
preparado  este  libro  a  peticion  de  los 
duenos,  las  ovejas  de  qtiien  pastan  en 
los  bosques  Nacionales.  Es  importante 
al  hombre  que  le  alquila  £  Vd.  y  &  Vd. 
mismo  que  Vd.  lee  ciudadosamente 
este  libro.  Guardela  contigo  para  refe- 
renda de  dia  en  dia.  Esme'rese  a  mani- 
pular  las  ovejas  que  son  en  la  custodia 
de  Vd.  segtm  las  instrucciones  aqul 
dentro. 

LOS  BOSQT7ES  NACIONALES. 

Los  bosques  Nacionales  son  la  pro- 
piedad  del  gobierno  de  los  Estados 
Unidos.  Tienen  dos  prop6sitos.  Uno 
es  la  produccion  del  bpsque ;  el  otro,  la 
regulacion  de  la  corriente  del  rfo  por 
mantener  una  producci<5n  normal  de  los 
arboles,  los  arbustos,  las  hierbas  y  los 
hierbajos.  El  pasto  del  ganado  se  re- 
gula  en  los  Bosques  Nacionales  para 
proteger  los  bosques,  el  pasto  y  el  agua. 
Secundariamente,  porque  las  hierbas 
son  un  recurso  valeroso.  El  Gobierno 
reconocio  que  el  pasto  es  un  medio  pre- 
cioso  que  se  debe  proteger.  Debe  pro- 
ducir  la  cantidad  maxima  de  all- 
(13) 


mento  para  el  beneticio  de  los  gana- 
deros  y  de  los  pueblos. 

La  proteccion  de  los  bosques,  el 
pasto  y  agua  se  deben  proteger  por 
pasto  regular.  El  numero  total  de  los 
ganados  en  los  Bosques  Nacionales  no 
debe  ser  m&s  que  el  pasto  puede  man- 
tener  y  la  estaciOn  debe  conformar  a 
la  acrecencia  de  las  plantas. 

Est6  es  necesario  porque  la  remo- 
cion  del  forraje  demasiado  temprano 
resultara.  en  debilitar  la  planta  ma- 
terna  y  impedir  la  producci6n  de  la 
semilla  fe"rtil.  Asf  las  plantas  que  no 
son  buen  alimento  pueden  suceder  las 
plantas  que  son  removidas  por  las 
ganaderfas  antes  que  pueden  crecer  y 
nmndurar  las  semillas. 

El  niiniero  de  ganado  que  una  exten- 
siCn  de  pasto  sostendra  permanente- 
mente  depende  del  me'todo  de  manipu- 
lar  el  ganado  en  la  extension  de  pasto. 
Si  las  ovejas  se  manipulan  propia- 
mente  haran  ganancias  mejores  y 
haran  menos  dano  al  pasto  que  si  se 
manipulan  impropiamente. 

Hace  cinco  afios  el  Servicio  de  los 
bosques  mantiene  los  experimentos  con 
los  Bosques  Nacionales  para  determinar 
las  diferencias  en  la  acrecencia  y  el 
peso  de  los  borreguitos  y  en  la  cantidad 
de  pasto  que  las  ovejas  necesitan  para 
pastar  en  un  pasto  cercado  como  las 
ovejas  que  comen  en  la  misma  clase  de 
pasto  abierto.  Se  hall6  que  los  borre- 
guitos necesitan  de  veinte  y  cinco  a 
cuarenta  por  ciento  menos  extensi6n 
de  pasto  conforme  al  crecimiento  del 
forraje  que  se  necesitaba  para  las 
ovejas  que  se  reunio  en  hatos  en  un 
pasto  libre.  Se  hallo  tambie"n  que  las 
ovejas  en  el  pasto  cercado  pesaron 


16 


ocho  libraV  tea's"  que*  lafe'  'oveftas '  en* 
hatos  que  se  reuni6  en  un  pasto 
libre.  Las  ovejas  de  los  dos  tuvieron 
la  misma  edad  y  fueron  del  mismo 
grado.  Experimented,  adem&s,  demos- 
tran  que  si  las  ovejas  se  permiten 
pastar  dispersas  en  lugar  de  hatos 
compactos,  se  majadan  cuando  es  de 
noche  en  lugar  de  ser  rechajadas  &  la 
misma  regi6n  para  dormir  todas  las 
noches,  si  se  permiten  ir  a  beber  dos  o 
tres  veces  por  la  semana  en  lugar  de 
ser  impelidas  al  agua  todos  los  dfas 
que  tienen  sed  que  no  tenga  sed  si  los 
perros  no  se  permiten  turbar  las  ove- 
jas cuando  comen  o  buscan  buen  es- 
pacio  para  dormir,  y  en  efecto  si  las 
ovejas  se  permiten  pastar  con  la  max- 
ima libertad  que  puede  ser  sin  riesgo 
de  destrucci6n  por  los  animates  sal- 
vajes  y  de  descarriar,  casi  las  mismas 
resultas  se  obtendr&n  como  se  estuvi- 
eran  en  un  pasto.  La  destrucci6n  por 
los  coyotes  ordinariamente  serftn  menos 
que  si  las  ovejas  vengan  al  mismo  es- 
pacio  para  dormir  todas  las  noches. 

El  Servicio  de  los  Bosques  quiere 
que  los  bosques  nacionales  producen 
todos  los  anos  la  maxima  cantidad  de 
carne  de  carnero,  de  carne  de  vaca,  de 
lana,  y  de  cueros,  etcetera,  todos  los 
anos.  Para  conservar  la  producci6n 
anual,  el  ganado  se  debe  llevar  & 
pastar  de  manero  que  no  dane  la 
produccion  de  las  plantas  a  excep- 
cion  de  dar  la  produccion  anual.  Si  Vd. 
no  manipula  el  ganado  cuidadosamente 
dafiaran  el  pasto.  Si  van  debajo  de 
los  arboles  todos  los  dfas  en  el  mismo 
espacio  en  el  fondo  del  riacho  destmi- 
r&n  todas  las  plantas  y  nada  quedara 


**E*1  oficiarquierV  ser  uh'amigo  de  Vd. 
Es  su  obra  a  ver  que  Vd.  manipula  bien 
sus  ovejas,  y  no  dana  el  pasto.  Le 
asistira  &  Vd.  con  aviso  y  sugestiones 
si  lo  quiere.  Si  Vd.  reuna  el  ganado  en 
hatos  propiamente  una  carta  de  gracias 
le  hara  dar  &  Vd.  por  el  inspector  y 
una  recomendaci6n  que  dice  que  Vd.  es 
un  pastor  bueno.  Si  Vd.  no  manipula 
sus  ovejas  propiamente  informal  el 
inspector  que  Vd.  es  mal  pastor.  Si 
una  tarjeta  se  le  da  a  Vd.  guardela. 
Cuando  Vd.  quiere  una  obra  de  reunir 
el  ganado  en  hatos  monstrara  la  tar- 
jeta. Su  tarjeta  monstrara  a  todas  las 
personas  que  Vd.  es  pastor  bueno  y  le 
asistira  obtener  un  enipleo  en  todns 
partes. 

Acuerdese  estas  puntas. 
»  I.  No  debe  usar  mucho  el  perro. 

II.  Sus  ovejas  engordaran  si  no  se 
impelen  mucho. 

III.  Cuando  van  las  ovejas  al  agua 
no  use  el  mismo  camino  cada  vez. 

IV.  Cuando  las  ovejas  van  a  agua 
no  se  debe  usar  el  pasto  ya  usado.    El 
pasto  nuevo  se  debe  guardar. 

V.  El  uso  de  la  misma  majada  mas 
que  tres  6  cuatro  veces  signiflca  diez 
por  ciento   menos   en   su   numero   de 
ovejas. 

VI.  No  debe  permitir  que  las  ovejas 
vayan  a  los  arboles  que  estan  en  el 
riachuelo.     Una  hora  en  la  banda  del 
rlo  es  bastante  para  dar  de  beber  al 
ganado. 

VII.  El  pasto  que  se  debe  guardar 
debe  tener  agua  por  la  parte  mas  ca- 
liente  del  verano. 

VIII.  Ayude  Vd.  &  precaver  los  in- 
cendios  de  bosques. 


IX.  Conserve  Vff.'fa*  liiripieza'de  16s 
riachuelos,    y    la    hermosura    de    los 
montes. 

X.  Si    no    comprende    pregunte    al 
oficial. 

LOS  INCENDIOS  GRANDES  DE  LOS 
PEQUENOS  FUEGOS  PROCEDEN. 

; Aviso!  El  perfodo  que  Vd.  pasa  en 
los  pastes  de  los  Bosques  Nacionales 
es  la  saz6n  mas  arida  del  ano.  Ex- 
tremo  es  el  riesgo  de  la  destrucci6n  por 
los  incendios  de  los  a,rboles,  del  forraje, 
y  de  los  cursos  de  agua.  Ayude  Vd.  & 
defender  y  &  conservar  estas  ventajas 
por  cuidado  con  el  fuego. 

iQuiere  Vd.  que  el  ganado  que  es  en 
su  custodia  llegue  al  fin  del  saz6n  en 
condicion  inferior  &  causa  de  incendio 
del  forraje? 

iQuiere  Vd.  mucho  trabajo  arduo  & 
retener  el  ganado  en  los  pastes  insufi- 
cientes  que  resultaran  si  Vd.  permita  el 
fuego  a  escapar? 

iQuiere  Vd.  que  se  crean  que  el 
apacentamiento  del  ganado  en  los 
Bosques  Nacionales  dana  los  terrenes 
arbolados.  o  que  los  ganaderos  y  sus 
empleados  no  tienen  consideraci6n  por 
el  bien  del  publico? 

iQuiere  Vd.  exponerse  a  la  pena,  los 
gustos,  y  la  mortificacion  de  arresto  & 
causa  de  negligencia  en  dejando 
descuidado  un  fuego? 

Evite  Vd.  todas  estas  dificuldades 
con  seguir  estas  reglas  simples : 

No  deje  Vd.  arder  sus  fuegos  cuando 
Vd.  sea  ausente. 

Construyalos  Vd.  en  sitios  seguros, 
&  campo  raso. 


.;  .•;.'.-;;    20    .     •••. 


Apagelos  Vd.  (emtfo*  con  agua  y 
cubralos  Vd.  con  suelo  cuando  Vd. 
marche. 

Muchos  incendios  calamitosos  han 
trafdo  su  origen  de  pajuelas  encendi- 
das  6  de  puntas  de  cigarillos,  6  de 
las  cenizas  de  pipas,  que  han  sido 
echadas  descuidadamente  en  material 
seco.  Estos  incendios  han  ardido 
lentamente  hasta  que  los  vientos  han 
aventadolas  en  llamas.  jCuidado! 

Vd.  puede  dar  buen  ejemplo  de  la 
ciudadanfa  patriotica  con  apagar 
cualesquiera  incendios  pequenos  Vd. 
encontre,  y  con  dar  noticia  de  cual- 
quier  humo  al  pr6ximo  oficial  de  los 
bosques. 

GUARDESE  VD.  DE  LA  PESTI- 
LENCIA. 

Los  muertos  de  los  animates  que 
mueran  cerca  de  los  riachuelos  se 
deben  desviar  sin  retardo,  para  ente- 
rrar  6  quemarlos.  El  Servicio  de  los 
Bosques  ha  establecido  esta  regla  a 
fin  de  guardar  la  limpieza  de  nuestros 
riachuelos  y  de  defender  la  gente  de 
pestilencia  &  causa  de  beber  agua  im- 
pure. Se  deben  quemar  los  muertos 
de  los  animales  que  mueran  de  la 
pestilencia.  Cuando  un  animal  muere 
de  infecci6n,  lo  que  la  morrina  negra, 
el  ftntrax,  6  el  muermo,  etc.,  los  mi- 
crobios  persisten  en  el  muerto,  y  el 
ganado  sano  puede  inficionarse  si 
acercase.  Unos  de  su  propio  hato 
pueden  morir  de  tal  infecci6n.  El 
6ptimo  modo  de  quemar  un  muerto  es 
como  sigue: 

En  primer  lugar,  cave  Vd.  un  hoyo 
de  dos  pies  de  profundidad  y  bastante 


largo.  DespueV/'  lm^a»  Vtf.  ''klgunaS 
cortas  zanjas,  inclinadas  hacia  el  hoyo. 
Esto  hara  un  corriente  de  aire  de 
suerte  que  su  fuego  ardera  m£s  bien. 
Despu^s,  apile  Vd.  lena  seca  en  el  hoyo, 
rode  Vd.  el  muerto  sobre  la  hoguera, 
y  quemelo.  El  suelo  llevado  fuera  del 
hoyo  se  puede  volver  sobre  los  restos 
del  muerto. 

EL  SURTIMIENTO  DE  SAL. 

Ponga  Vd.  su  sal  dondequiera  que 
el  Guardamonte  ordene.  El  quiere  Vd. 
pongalo  donde  en  sumo  grado  bene- 
ficiara  su  ganado  de  Vd.,  sin  daiiar  el 
pasto.  No  ponga  Vd.  la  sal  cerca  de 
los  riachuelos  ni  a  los  aguaderos,  ni 
donde  juntese  naturalmente  el  ganado. 
Pongalo  Vd.  en  tal  lugares  que  el 
ganado  este  precisado  a  andar  afuera 
del  agua  y  del  pasto  m&s  bueno.  De 
este  modo  evitara  hollar  el  pasto  ex- 
celente  y  coger&  mucho  pasto  bueno 
que  por  otra  parte  se  gastarfa. 


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